中国日报消息,近日,在美版知乎Quora上有人再次针对中国提出尖锐问题:
如果中国有那么多钱给其他国家投资,为什么不用这些钱来发展中国的贫困地区呢?
在这个问题的留言板里,有一个答案内容详实,获赞最高,让围观小伙伴们赞不绝口。
在晒出答案前,小编想先给大家简单介绍一下回答这个问题的网友,英国剑桥大学的博士Janus Dongye。他对中国的历史和地理很感兴趣,作为Quora资深用户的他,曾经回答过很多和中国有关的提问。
上个月,他回答了“14亿中国人是如何喂饱自己的?”,全网刷屏。
这次,他的震撼长文再次引发轰动。一起来看看他给出的答案吧!
严谨的Janus Dongye首先就提问者过于宽泛模糊的概念——“中国贫困地区”,进行了探讨。
您指的中国哪个贫困地区?您能否举出一个具体的案例,一个中国未开发或者忽视其发展的例子。
Which poor part of China do you refer to? Can you give just one specific example that China has failed to develop or ignored?
如果你不相信,不如让我们从中国最贫困地区的情况看起。
If you are not convinced, let us just look at the situations from the poorest part of China.
Janus Dongye在维基百科上检索到了中国各省、自治区人均(名义)GDP列表,挑出了排名倒数的四个省(自治区),作为讨论范围。
甘肃:4735美元,人口2600万
Gansu province ($4735, 26 million people)
云南:5612美元,人口4800万
Yunnan province ($5612, 48 million people)
贵州:6233美元,人口3600万
Guizhou province ($6233, 36 million people)
广西:6270美元,人口4900万
Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region ($6270, 49 million people)
Janus Dongye还给出了其他国家人均GDP的参照对比数据。
仅供参考:印度(2036美元),越南(2551美元),蒙古(2036美元),阿尔巴尼亚(5289美元),南非(6377美元)。
Just for reference: India ($2036), Vietnam ($2551), Mongolia ($4026), Albania ($) and South Africa ($6377).
范围界定好后,就要开始超长深度分析了!
甘肃
“上帝不希望你住在这里,但你却执意坚持”,从地理层面讲,Janus Dongye认为甘肃更像是一个“不受眷顾”的孩子。
恶劣的地理环境
甘肃穷是有原因的。一面,甘肃大部分地区地处寒冷的青藏高原。另一面,部分地区是荒无人烟的戈壁沙漠。
Gansu is poor for a reason. On one side, you have the massive, cold Tibetan Plateau. On the other side, you have the deadly Gobi Desert.
为了更直观地介绍甘肃的地理环境,Janus Dongye从网上找来了一些关于甘肃地貌的照片。
来看看下面这张图,这是一个典型的甘肃村庄的模样。
Have a look at the following picture. This is what a typical village in Gansu looks like.
红色的岩石、黄色的沙土、幽深的峡谷。甘肃于中国而言就像是你们的美国内华达州。有很多地方就像美国的死亡谷和红色峡谷一样。
Red stones, golden sands and deep valleys. Gansu is the Nevada State of China. There are a lot of sites just like the death valley and red canyon in the US.
△图为甘肃嘉峪关讨赖河峡谷
住在这里是怎样一种体验呢?Janus Dongye描述了这样一幅现实画面。
假想你就住在这里。你在山谷里种植作物,但几乎没有降雨。
Imagine you are living here. You grow your food in the valleys but you have virtually no rainfall at all.
即使你如有天助神奇地成功种了几吨小麦,你能卖到哪里去?
Even if you managed to magically grow a few tons of wheat, where you do sell it?
到最近的城市?那好。请驱车5小时开出这干巴巴的山区。
In the nearest city? That"s fine. Please drive five hours out of these dry mountains.
好不容易出去了,那又能怎样?来看看运输成本。
即使你设法找到购买你小麦的客户。他将以每吨150美元的价格收购你的小麦。但是,把小麦从这些山区给运输出去,你运输费和燃料成本就已超过每吨100美元。再算下其他成本,好吧……你会赔钱种小麦吗?
Even if you manage to find a customer to buy your wheat. He will buy it for $150 per ton. But your transport and fuel cost to move the wheat out of these mountains has exceeded $100 per ton. Considering other costs, okay… , so do you grow wheat just to lose money?
有图有真相,Janus Dongye放了张图,让大家感受↓↓
△地处甘肃景泰县的一条山路
不受上苍眷顾,不代表会被中国政府忽视。
政府做了什么
Janus Dongye抛出了这个核心问题:为解决这一问题,政府做了什么呢?
投入巨资为当地中国百姓修路!
在“十三五”规划(2016-2020)中,中央政府投入了大量资金建设高速公路、铁路,穿越这万恶的山丘。
For the 13th Five-Year Plan (2016–2020), the central government has poured a huge amount of money in building expressways and railways across these god damn hills.
重点是,修什么样的路,架什么等级的桥。
更重要的是,政府并不是建造单满足于人们通行的“5级”桥梁。相反,他们正在建造的是“50级”闪亮的巨型桥梁。
And what"s more, they are not building "Level 5" bridges just enough for people to move. Instead, they are building "Level 50" shiny and massive bridges.
“5级”桥梁和“50级”桥梁分别意味着什么?
下图是法国的一座“5级”桥梁,长度和高度都很有限。你必须俯冲,过桥还要爬上山。
Here is an example of a "Level 5" bridge in France. Short in length and height. You have to rush down, cross the bridge and climb up the mountains.
这是甘肃“50级”桥梁的一个例子。您所需要做的就是以120km/h的速度驶过。
Here is an example of a "Level 50" bridge in Gansu. All you need to do is to pass through at the speed of 120km/h.
△甘肃天宁沟特大桥
要建造这些“50级”的桥梁确实非常昂贵。但另一方面,如果考虑卡车、火车和汽车节省的燃料量,它们的成本效益则非常高!因为你不必一而再再而三地上上下下。
These "Level 50" bridges are indeed very expensive to build. But, on the other hand, they are very cost effective if you consider the amount of fuel saved for trucks, trains, and cars! You don"t have to go down and up again and again.
即使沿着山谷已经有一条“5级”公路,政府仍不满足于此。他们想在这些公路旁边再建“50级”高速公路。
Even if there is already a "Level 5" road along the valleys, the government is still not satisfied. They want to build another high-speed "Level 50" expressway along with it.
△甘肃正在建设中的省级高速公路S2
2019年,甘肃省“50级”高速公路总长度超过4242公里(限速120公里/小时),甚至超过墨西哥。
In 2019, the total "Level 50" expressway length in Gansu has exceeded 4242km (speed limit 120km/h), which is even longer than Mexico.
它几乎是印度“50级”高速公路总长度的三倍。
And it is almost three times longer than India"s total length.
不仅仅是高速公路,甘肃还有4条时速在250km到350km的高速铁路——宝兰、成兰、兰新、兰渝。
Not only expressways, but Gansu also has four lines of high-speed railways running at 250km/h to 350km/h (宝兰,成兰,兰新,兰渝).
在接下来的“十四五规划”(2021-2025)中,中国政府承诺要让甘肃省每一个地级市都通上高速公路和高速铁路。
In the next 14th Five Year Plan (2021–2025), the government will promise to connect every prefecture city in Gansu with high-speed railways and expressways.
想象一下,你若是之前我们提及的甘肃山区百姓,你的生活水平是不是会随着道路建设的完善得以提高?
为了方便国外小伙伴理解,Janus Dongye对比中美的情况,举了一个更现实易懂的例子。
嗯,这是另一个现实生活中的例子。想象一下,你住在甘肃一个偏远的村庄,想从淘宝(类似于中国版的亚马逊)购买一部手机。2019年从深圳到敦煌,运送一个1公斤的包裹需要多少钱?注意总距离约为3500km。
Well, here is another real-life example. Imagine you live in a distant village in Gansu and you want to buy a mobile phone from Taobao (Chinese Amazon), what does it cost to ship a package of 1kg from Shenzhen to Dunhuang in Gansu in 2019? Note that the total distance is around 3500km.
超过3500公里的运输总成本为15元人民币(2.2美元),并承诺在3天内到达。
The total cost for shipping over the 3500km is 15RMB ($2.2) and it is promised to arrive in three days.
同样的距离、同样重量的物品、同样耗时、同样的情况,美国UPS三日服务的运输成本是26.13美元。
For comparison, the total cost for shipping a 1kg package from Boston to Reno in Nevada (a similar 4000km) in the US is $26.13 according to the UPS shipping price calculator under the UPS" three-day service.
因此,在美国,它需要10倍的钱来做同样的事情!但是在计算GDP的时候,这些成本都是算在内的。26.13美元得出来的GDP当然比2.2美元得出来的高。
Therefore in the US, it requires 10x more money to do the same thing! And note that they are both counted in the GDP calculation in both countries. Is it fair? Of course not.
这意味着甘肃并非我们原本想象的那么“贫穷”。
That means Gansu is not as "poor" as we originally thought.
甘肃也拥有丰富的“绿色”自然资源——风力!政府为此做了什么?
因地制宜
一面有寒冷的青藏高原。另一面,则是酷热的戈壁沙漠。温差意味着持续的风力。
On one side, you have the cold the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. On the other side, you have the hot Gobi desert. Boom! The temperature difference means wind constantly blows.
因此,甘肃是可再生能源领域的领导者。它拥有世界上最大的陆上风力发电厂。
Therefore, Gansu is the leader in its renewable energy sector. It has the world"s largest on-shore wind farm.
△甘肃酒泉风电基地
甘肃也有很多陆上太阳能发电场。我虽然不确定它是否是世界上最大的。但是你可以从谷歌地图上看到它们,几乎每个地方都有。
There are many on-shore solar farms in Gansu as well. I am not sure if it is the world"s largest. But you can spot them everywhere on Google Earth.
△甘肃敦煌太阳能光热发电项目
以上就是中国政府对甘肃这个中国最穷的省进行的投资和发展。2018年,甘肃的GDP增速高达10.54%。与其他省份相比,这还远远不够,甘肃依然还有很多偏远村庄没有像样的公路和桥梁。未来中国政府会继续为脱贫做些什么,我们拭目以待。
In summary, these conclude the development in the poorest province of China — Gansu. The GDP growth for Gansu province in 2018 is 10.54 percent. And it is still far from enough compared to other provinces because we still have a lot of distant villages in Gansu that are not yet covered by decent roads and bridges. We will wait and see how China continues to eliminate poverty here.
云南和贵州
云南和贵州穷的原因极其相似,所以Janus Dongye决定将其放在一起讨论。
跟分析甘肃一样,让我们先看看这两个省让人望而生畏的地貌。
大山的子孙
Janus Dongye这样描述道:
板块运动使得印度次大陆持续“挤压”,云贵地区的山越来越高、河流持续将峡谷侵蚀得越来越深,这里的地形变得越来越像“皱纹”。
As the Indian subcontinent continues to squeeze, terrains around here are becoming more and more similar to "wrinkles
原标题:剑桥博士发震撼长文:为何中国肯下血本在西方绝不做的“亏本买卖”上